NCBI: The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988. The NCBI houses genome sequencing data in GenBank and an index of biomedical research articles in PubMed Central and PubMed, as well as other information relevant to biotechnology. All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine.

DDBJ: DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan) is the sole nucleotide sequence data bank in Asia, which is officially certified to collect nucleotide sequences from researchers and to issue the internationally recognized accession number to data submitters. It is one of the three summit databanks that construct DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Internastional Nucleotide Sequence Database, which was established through cooperative work with EBI in Europe and NCBI in USA.

EMBL: The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (also known as EMBL-Bank) constitutes Europe's primary nucleotide sequence resource. Main sources for DNA and RNA sequences are direct submissions from individual researchers, genome sequencing projects and patent applications.

KEGG: KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of online databases dealing with genomes, enzymatic pathways, and biological chemicals. The PATHWAY database records networks of molecular interactions in the cells, and variants of them specific to particular organisms.